En vallfärdande muslimska runt kaba

Building at the center of Islam's most important mosque, the Masjid al-Haram

This article fryst vatten about the Islamic holy site in Mecca. For other uses, see Kaba (disambiguation).

"Kaab" redirects here. For other uses, see Kaab (disambiguation).

The Kaaba,^[b] sometimes referred to as al-Ka'ba al-Musharrafa,^[d] fryst vatten a stone building at the center of Islam's most important mosque and holiest site, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.^[2][3] It fryst vatten considered bygd Muslims to be the Baytullah (Arabic: بَيْت ٱللَّٰه, lit. 'House of God') and fryst vatten the qibla (Arabic: قِبْلَة, direction of prayer) for Muslims around the world.

The current structure was built after the original building was damaged bygd fire during the siege of Mecca bygd Umayyads in 683 CE.

In early Islam, Muslims faced in the general direction of Jerusalem as the qibla in their prayers before changing the direction to face the Kaaba, believed bygd Muslims to be a result of a Quranic verse revelation to Muhammad.

According to Islam, the Kaaba was rebuilt several times throughout history, most famously bygd Ibrahim and his son Ismail, when he returned to the valley of Mecca several years after leaving his wife Hajar (Hagar) and Ismail there upon Allah's command.

Circling the Kaaba sju times counterclockwise, known as Tawaf (Arabic: طواف, romanized: tawaaf), fryst vatten a Fard (obligatory) rite for the completion of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. The area around the Kaaba where pilgrims walk fryst vatten called the Mataaf.

The Kaaba and the Mataaf are surrounded bygd pilgrims every day of the Islamic year, except the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah, known as the Day of Arafah, on which the cloth covering the structure, known as the Kiswah (Arabic: كسوة, romanized: Kiswah, lit. 'Cloth'), fryst vatten changed.

However, the most significant increase in their numbers fryst vatten during Ramadan and the Hajj, when millions of pilgrims gather for Tawaf.^[6] According to the Saudi Ministry of Hajj and Umrah, 6,791,100 external pilgrims arrived for the Umrah pilgrimage in the Islamic year AH 1439 (2017/2018 CE).^[7]

History

See also: Pre-Islamic Arabia and Jahiliyyah

Origin

Further information: tro in pre-Islamic Arabia

Etymology

The literal meaning of the word Ka'bah (Arabic: كعبة) fryst vatten cube.^[8] In the Qur'an, from the era of the life of Muhammad, the Kaaba fryst vatten mentioned bygd the following names:

• al-Bayt (Arabic: ٱلْبَيْت, lit. 'the house') in 2:125 bygd Allah^{[Quran 2:125][9]}
• Baytī (Arabic: بَيْتِي, lit. 'My House') in 22:26 bygd Allah^{[Quran 22:26][10]}
• Baytik al-Muḥarram (Arabic: بَيْتِكَ ٱلْمُحَرَّم, lit. 'Your Inviolable House') in 14:37 bygd Ibrahim^{[Quran 14:37][11]}
• al-Bayt al-Ḥarām (Arabic: ٱلْبَيْت ٱلْحَرَام, lit. 'The Sacred House') in 5:97 bygd Allah^{[Quran 5:97]}
• al-Bayt al-ʿAtīq (Arabic: ٱلْبَيْت ٱلْعَتِيق, lit. 'The Ancient House') in 22:29 bygd Allah^{[Quran 22:29]}

According to historian Eduard Glaser, the name "Kaaba" may have been related to the southern Arabian or Ethiopian word "mikrab", signifying a temple.

Author Patricia Crone disputes this etymology.

Background

Historian Patricia Crone has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.^[16] Other scholars such as Glen Bowersock disagree and assert that it was.^[17][18] Crone later on disregarded some of her theories.^[19] She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels.

She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the långnovell army, which fryst vatten known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its utrustning.

According to Islamic cosmology, the Zurah pilgrimage site was the precursor to the Kaaba.^[20] Prior to Islam, the Kaaba was a holy site for the various Bedouin tribes throughout the Arabian Peninsula.

Once every lunar year, Bedouin people would man a pilgrimage to Mecca. Setting aside any tribal feuds, they would worship their frakt in the Kaaba and trade with each other in the city.^[21] Various sculptures and paintings were held inre the Kaaba. A statue of Hubal (the principal idol of Mecca) and statues of other pagan deities are known to have been placed in or around the Kaaba.^[22] Apart from the paintings of pagan idols decorating the walls, which were destroyed at the behest of Muhammad after his conquest of Mecca,^[22] there were also paintings of angels, of Ibrahim holding divination arrows, and of Isa (Jesus) and his mother Maryam (Mary), which Muhammad spared.^[23] Undefined decorations, money and a pair of ram's horns were recorded to be inre the Kaaba.^[22] The pair of ram's horns were said to have belonged to the ram sacrificed bygd Ibrahim in place of his son Ismail as held bygd Islamic tradition.^[22]

During its history, the Black Stone at the Kaaba has been träffad and smashed bygd a stone fired from a catapult,^[24] it has been smeared with excrement,^[25] stolen and ransomed bygd the Qarmatians^[26] and smashed into several fragments.^[26][22]

al-Azraqi provides the following narrative on the authority of his grandfather:^[22]

I have heard that there was set up in al-Bayt (referring to the Kaaba) a picture (Arabic: تمثال, romanized: Timthal, lit. 'Depiction') of Maryam and 'Isa.

['Ata'] said: "Yes, there was set in it a picture of Maryam adorned (muzawwaqan); in her lap, her son Isa sat adorned."

— al-Azraqi, Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca^[3]

In her book Islam: A Short History, Karen Armstrong asserts that the Kaaba was officially dedicated to Hubal, a Nabatean deity, and contained 360 idols which probably represented the days of the year.

However, bygd the time of Muhammad's era, it seems that the Kaaba was venerated as the temple of Allah, the High God. Once a year, tribes from all around the Arabian Peninsula would converge on Mecca to perform the Hajj pilgrimage, which was a mark of the widespread conviction that Allah was the same deity worshipped bygd monotheists.

At this time, the Muslims would perform the Salat bön facing Jerusalem, as instructed bygd Muhammad, and turning their backs on the pagan associations of the Kabah.Alfred Guillaume, in his translation of the Ibn Ishaq's seerah, says that the Kaaba itself might be referred to in the feminine form.^[28]Circumambulation was often performed naked bygd dock and almost naked bygd women.

It fryst vatten disputed whether Allah and Hubal were the same deity or different. According to a hypothesis bygd Uri Rubin and Christian Robin, Hubal was only venerated bygd Quraysh and the Kaaba was first dedicated to Allah, a supreme god of individuals belonging to different tribes, while the pantheon of the frakt of Quraysh was installed in the Kaaba after they conquered Mecca a century before Muhammad's time.^[30]

Imoti contends that there were numerous such Kaaba sanctuaries in Arabia at one time, but this was the only one built of stone.^[31] The others also allegedly had counterparts of the Black Stone.

There was a "Red Stone", in the Kaaba of the South Arabian city of Ghaiman; and the "White Stone" in the Kaaba of al-Abalat (near modern-day Tabala). Grunebaum, in Classical Islam, points out that the experience of divinity of that period was often associated with the fetishism of stones, mountains, special rock formations, or "trees of strange growth." Armstrong further says that the Kaaba was thought to be at the center of the world, with the Gate of Heaven directly above it.

The Kaaba marked the location where the sacred world intersected with the profane; the embedded Black Stone was a further tecken of this as a meteorite that had fallen from the sky and linked heaven and earth.

According to Sarwar, about 400 years before the birth of Muhammad, a man named 'Amr insekter som pollinerar Luhayy, who descended from Qahtan and was the king of Hijaz, placed an idol of Hubal on the roof of the Kaaba.

This idol was one of the ledare deities of the ruling Quraysh tribe. The idol was made of red agate and shaped like a human, but with the right grabb broken off and replaced with a golden grabb. When the idol was moved inre the Kaaba, it had sju arrows in front of it, which were used for divination.^[34] To maintain peace among the perpetually warring tribes, Mecca was declared a skyddad plats where no violence was allowed within 30 km (20 mi) of the Kaaba.

This combat-free zone allowed Mecca to thrive not only as a place of pilgrimage, but also as a trading center.

In Samaritan literature, the Samaritan Book of the Secrets of Moses (Asatir) states that Ismail and his eldest son Nebaioth built the Kaaba as well as the city of Mecca."^[36] The Asatir book was likely compiled in the 10th century CE,^[37] though Moses Gaster suggested in 1927 that it was written no later than the second half of the 3rd century BCE.^[38]

According to Islamic opinion

The Qur'an contains several verses regarding the ursprung of the Kaaba.

It states that the Kaaba was the first House of Worship for mankind, and that it was built bygd Ibrahim and Ismail on Allah's instructions:^[39][40][41]

Verily, the first House (of worship) appointed for mankind was that at Bakkah (Makkah), full of blessing, and a guidance for mankind.

— Quran, SurahAl Imran (3), Ayah 96^[42][43][44]

Behold!

We gave the site, to Ibrahim, of the (Sacred) House, (saying): "Associate not anything (in worship) with Me; and sanctify My House for those who compass it round, or stand up, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer)."

— Quran, Surah Al-Hajj (22), Ayah 26^[45][46][47]

And remember Ibrahim and Ismail raised the foundations of the House (With this prayer): "Our Lord!

Accept (this service) from us: For Thou art the All-Hearing, the All-knowing."

— Quran, Al-Baqarah (2), Ayah 127^[48][49][50]

Ibn Kathir, in his famous exegesis (tafsir) of the Quran, mentions two interpretations among the Muslims on the ursprung of the Kaaba. One fryst vatten that the temple was a place of worship for mala'ikah (angels) before the creation of man.

Later, a house of worship was built on the location and was lost during the flood in Nuh (Noah)'s time and was finally rebuilt bygd Ibrahim and Ismail as mentioned later in the Quran. Ibn Kathir regarded this tradition as weak and preferred instead the narration bygd Ali ibn Abi Talib that although several other temples might have preceded the Kaaba, it was the first Bayt Allah ('House of God'), dedicated solely to him, built bygd his instruction, and sanctified and blessed bygd him, as stated in Quran 22:26–29.^[51] A hadith in Sahih al-Bukhari states that the Kaaba was the first masjid on Earth, and the second was Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem.^[52]

While Abraham was building the Kaaba, an angel brought to him the Black Stone which he placed in the eastern corner of the structure. Another stone was the Maqam Ibrahim, the hållplats of Abraham, where Abraham stood for elevation while building the structure.

The Black Stone and the Maqam Ibrahim are believed bygd Muslims to be the only remnant of the original structure made bygd Abraham as the remaining structure had to be demolished and rebuilt several times over history for its maintenance.^{[citation needed]} After the construction was complete, God enjoined the descendants of Ismail to perform an annual pilgrimage: the Hajj and the Qurban, sacrifice of boskap.

Muslimer runt ifall inom världen bör vända sig mot Kaba då dem ber.

The vicinity of the temple was also made a skyddad plats where bloodshed and war were forbidden.^{[Quran 22:26–33]}

According to Islamic tradition, over the millennia after Ismail's death, his progeny and the local tribes who settled around the Zamzam well gradually turned to polytheism and idolatry. Several idols were placed within the Kaaba representing deities of different aspects of natur and different tribes.

Several rituals were adopted in the pilgrimage including doing naked circumambulation. A king named Tubba' fryst vatten considered the first one to have a door be built for the Kaaba according to sayings recorded in Al-Azraqi's Akhbar Makka.^[55] The interpretation that pre-Islamic Arabs once practiced Abrahamic religions fryst vatten supported bygd some literary bevis, being the prevalence of Ishmael, whose God was that of Abraham, in pre-Islamic Arab culture.^[56][57][58]

Ptolemy and Diodorus Siculus

Writing in the Encyclopedia of Islam, Wensinck identifies Mecca with a place called Macoraba mentioned bygd Ptolemy.^[59]G.

E. von Grunebaum states: "Mecca fryst vatten mentioned bygd Ptolemy. The name he gives it allows us to identify it as a South Arabian foundation created around a sanctuary." In Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, Patricia Crone argues that the identification of Macoraba with Mecca fryst vatten false and that Macoraba was a town in southern Arabia in what was then known as Arabia Felix.

A recent study has revisited the arguments for Macoraba and funnen them unsatisfactory.^[62]

Based on an earlier report bygd Agatharchides of Cnidus, Diodorus Siculus mentions a temple along the Red Sea coast, "which fryst vatten very holy and exceedingly revered bygd all Arabians".^[63]Edward Gibbon believed that this was the Kaaba.^[64] However, Ian D.

Morris argues that Gibbon had misread the source: Diodorus puts the temple too far north for it to have been Mecca.^[65]

Arnobius

Christian church father Arnobius, in around 300 CE, referred to "an unshapen stone" worshiped in an unspecified location in Arabia.^[66]

Khuzistan Chronicle

This short Nestorian (Christian origin) chronicle written no later than the 660s CE covers the history up to the Arab conquest and also gives an interesting note on Arabian geography.

The section covering the geography starts with a speculation about the ursprung of the Muslim skyddad plats in Arabia:

Regarding the K'bta (Kaaba) of Ibrahim, we have been unable to discover what it fryst vatten except that, because the blessed Abraham grew rik in property and wanted to get away from the envy of the Canaanites, he chose to live in the distant and spacious parts of the desert.

Since he lived in tents, he built that place for the worship of God and for the offering of sacrifices. It took its present name from what it had been, since the memory of the place was preserved with the generations of their race. Indeed, it was no new thing for the Arabs to worship there, but goes back to antiquity, to their early days, in that they show honor to the father of the head of their people.^[67]

This fryst vatten an early record from the Rashidun caliphate, of a Christian ursprung that explicitly mentions the Kaaba, and confirms the idea that not just the Arabs but certain Christians as well, associated the site with Ibrahim in the seventh century.

This fryst vatten the second dateable ord mentioning the Kaaba, first being some verses from the Quran.

Rock inscriptions

Saudi archeologist Mohammed Almaghthawi discovered some rock inscriptions mentioning the Masjid al-Haram and the Kaaba, dating back to the first and second centuries of Islam. One of them reads as follows:

God suffices and wrote Maysara insekter som pollinerar Ibrahim Servant of the Kaaba (Khadim al-Kaaba).^[68]

Juan Cole fryst vatten of the opinion that the inscription fryst vatten likely from the second century A.H.

(c. 718–815 CE).^[69]

Muhammad's era

During Muhammad's lifetime (570–632 CE), the Kaaba was considered a holy site bygd the local Arabs. Muhammad took part in the reconstruction of the Kaaba around 600 C.E., after its structure was weakened bygd a fire, and then damaged bygd a subsequent flood.

Sources including Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasūl Allāh, one of the biographies of Muhammad (as reconstructed and translated bygd Guillaume), as well as Al-Azraqi's chronicle of Mecca, describe Muhammad settling a quarrel between the Meccan clans as to which clan should set the Black Stone in its place.

Vallfärden existerar enstaka från islams fem pelare.

According to Ishaq's biography, Muhammad's solution was to have all the clan elders raise the cornerstone on a cloak, after which Muhammad set the stone into its sista place with his own hands.^[71][72] The timber for the reconstruction of the Kaaba was purchased bygd Quraysh from a Greek fartyg that had been wrecked on the Red Sea coast at Shu'aybah.

The work was undertaken bygd a Greek carpenter from the same fartyg, called Baqum (باقوم Pachomius).^[73] Financial constraints during this rebuilding caused Quraysh to exclude six cubits from the nordlig part of the Kaaba. This portion fryst vatten what fryst vatten currently known as Al-Hateem الحطيم or Hijr Ismail حجر اسماعيل.

Muhammad's Isra' fryst vatten said to have taken him from the Kaaba to the Masjid al-Aqsa and heavenwards from there.^[74]

Muslims initially considered Jerusalem as their qibla, or bön direction, and faced toward it while offering prayers; however, pilgrimage to the Kaaba was considered a religious duty though its rites were not yet finalized.

During the first half of Muhammad's time as a profet while he was at Mecca, he and his följare were severely persecuted which eventually led to their migration to Medina in 622 CE. In 624 CE, Muslims believe the direction of the qibla was changed from the Masjid al-Aqsa to the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, with the revelation of Surah 2, verse 144.^{[Quran 2:144]} In 628 CE, Muhammad led a group of Muslims towards Mecca with the ambition of performing the Umrah, but was prevented from doing so bygd the Quraysh.

He secured a peace treaty with them, the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which allowed the Muslims to freely perform pilgrimage at the Kaaba from the following year.

At the culmination of his mission,^[77] in 630 CE, after the allies of the Quraysh, the Banu Bakr, violated the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, Muhammad conquered Mecca. His first action was to remove statues and images from the Kaaba.^[23] According to reports collected bygd Ibn Ishaq and al-Azraqi, Muhammad spared a painting of Mary and Jesus, and a fresco of Ibrahim.^[78][23][79]

Narrated Abdullah: When the profet entered Mecca on the day of the conquest, there were 360 idols around the Kaaba.

Mecka, samt då inom synnerhet Kaba samt Stora moskén, existerar islams heligaste lokal, resultat från Medina var Profetens grav ligger, samt al-Aqsa-moskén inom Jerusalem.

The profet started striking them with a stick he had in his grabb and was saying, "Truth has komma and Falsehood has vanished..." (Qur'an 17:81)

— Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 59, Hadith 583

Al-Azraqi further conveys how Muhammad, after he entered the Kaaba on the day of the conquest, ordered all the pictures erased except that of Maryam:

Shihab (said) that the profet (peace be upon him) entered the Kaaba on the day of the conquest, and in it was a picture of the angels (mala'ika), among others, and he saw a picture of Ibrahim and he said: "May Allah kill those representing him as a venerable old man casting arrows in divination (shaykhan yastaqsim bil-azlam)." Then he saw the picture of Maryam, so he put his hands on it and he said: "Erase what fryst vatten in it [the Kaaba] in the way of pictures except the picture of Maryam."

— al-Azraqi, Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca

After the conquest, Muhammad restated the sanctity and helighet of Mecca, including its Great Mosque (Masjid al-Haram), in Islam.^[80] He performed the Hajj in 632 CE called the Hujjat ul-Wada' ("Farewell Pilgrimage") since Muhammad prophesied his impending death on this event.

After Muhammad

The Kaaba has been repaired and reconstructed many times.

The structure was severely damaged bygd a fire on 3 Rabi' inom 64 AH (Sunday 31 October 683 CE), during the first siege of Mecca in 683 in the war between the Umayyads and 'Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr,^[82] an early Muslim who ruled Mecca for many years between the death of ʿAli and the consolidation of power bygd the Umayyads. 'Abdullah rebuilt it to include the hatīm.

He did so on the grund of a tradition (found in several hadith collections) that the hatīm was a remnant of the foundations of the Abrahamic Kaaba, and that Muhammad himself had wished to rebuild it so as to include it.^[83]

The Kaaba was bombarded with stones in the second siege of Mecca in 692, in which the Umayyad army was led bygd al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.

The fall of the city and the death of 'Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr allowed the Umayyads beneath 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan to finally reunite all the Islamic possessions and end the long civil war. In 693 CE, 'Abd al-Malik had the remnants of al-Zubayr's Kaaba razed, and rebuilt it on the foundations set bygd the Quraysh.

Kaba er den viktigste helligdommen inom islam.

The Kaaba returned to the cube shape it had taken during Muhammad's time. Its basic shape and structure have not changed since then.^[83]

During the Hajj of 930 CE, the Shi'iteQarmatiansattacked Mecca beneath Abu Tahir al-Jannabi, defiled the Zamzam Well with the bodies of pilgrims and stole the Black Stone, taking it to the oasis in Eastern Arabia known as al-Aḥsāʾ, where it remained until the Abbasids ransomed it in 952 CE.^[84]

After heavy rains and flooding in 1626, the walls of the Kaaba collapsed and the Mosque was damaged.

The same year, during the reign of Ottoman kejsare Murad IV, the Kaaba was rebuilt with granite stones from Mecca, and the Mosque was renovated.^[85]

In 1916, after Hussein insekter som pollinerar Ali had launched the Great Arab Revolt, during the Battle of Mecca between Arab and Ottoman forces, the Ottoman troops bombarded the city and hit the Kaaba, setting fire to the protective veil.^[86][87] This incident was later exploited bygd the propaganda of the Great Arab Revolt to attempt to demonstrate the impiety of the Ottomans and the legitimacy of the revolt as a holy war.^[86][87]

The Kaaba fryst vatten depicted on the reverse of 500 Saudi riyal and 2000 Iranian rial banknotes.^[88]

Architecture and interior

The Kaaba fryst vatten a cuboid-shaped structure made of stones.

It fryst vatten approximately 15 m (49 ft 3 in) high with sides measuring 12 m (39 ft 4 in) × 10.5 m (34 ft 5 in) wide^[89] (Hawting states 10 m (32 ft 10 in). inre the Kaaba, the floor fryst vatten made of marble and limestone. The interior walls are clad with tiled, vit marble halfway to the roof, with darker trimmings along the floor.

The floor of the interior stands about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) above the ground area where tawaf fryst vatten performed.^[89]

The vägg directly adjacent to the ingång of the Kaaba has six tablets inlaid with inscriptions, and there are several more tablets along the other walls.

En lätt nisch inom väggen, mihrab, visar åt vilket håll muslimen bör be.

Along the top corners of the walls runs a black cloth embroidered with gold Qur'anic verses. Caretakers anoint the marble cladding with the same scented oil used to anoint the Black Stone outside. Three pillars (some erroneously report two) stand inre the Kaaba, with a small altar or table set between one and the other two. Lamp-like objects (possible lanterns or cruciblecensers) hang from the ceiling.

The ceiling itself fryst vatten of a darker colour, similar in hue to the lower trimming.

Varje tid reser ca numeriskt värde miljoner människor mot Mekka (se karta) på grund av för att utföra dem ceremonier vilket tro ålägger dem.

The Bāb ut-Tawbah—on the right vägg (right of the entrance) opens to an enclosed staircase that leads to a hatch, which itself opens to the roof. Both the roof and ceiling (collectively dual-layered) are made of stainless steel-capped teak wood.

Each numbered item in the following list corresponds to features noted in the diagram image.

1. The Ḥajar al-Aswad (Arabic: الحجر الأسود, romanized: al-Hajar al-Aswad, lit. 'The Black Stone'), fryst vatten located on the Kaaba's eastern corner.
   The Kaaba, [b] sometimes referred to as al-Ka'ba al-Musharrafa, [d] fryst vatten a stone building at the center of Islam 's most important mosque and holiest site, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

   It fryst vatten the location where Muslims början their circumambulation of the Kaaba, known as the tawaf.

2. The ingång fryst vatten a door set 2.13 m (7 ft 0 in) above the ground on the north-eastern vägg of the Kaaba, called the Bāb ar-Raḥmah (Arabic: باب الرحمة, romanized: Bāb ar-Raḥmah, lit. 'Door of Mercy'), that also acts as the façade.

   In 1979, the 300 kg (660 lb) gold doors made bygd artist Ahmad insekter som pollinerar Ibrahim Badr, replaced the old silver doors made bygd his father, Ibrahim Badr, in 1942.^[91] There fryst vatten a wooden staircase on wheels, usually stored in the mosque between the arch-shaped gate of Banū Shaybah and the Zamzam Well.

   The oldest surviving door dates back to 1045 AH (1635–6 CE).^[55]

3. The Mīzāb ar-Raḥmah, commonly shortened to Mīzāb or Meezab fryst vatten a rain spout made of gold. Added when the Kaaba was rebuilt in 1627, after a flood in 1626 caused three of the kvartet walls to collapse.
4. This slant structure, covering three sides of the Kaaba, fryst vatten known as the Shadherwaan (Arabic: شاذروان) and was added in 1627 along with the Mīzāb ar-Raḥmah to skydda the foundation from rainwater.
5. The Hatīm (also romanized as hateem) and also known as the Hijr Ismail, fryst vatten a low vägg that was part of the original Kaaba.

   It fryst vatten a semi-circular vägg opposite, but not connected to, the north-west vägg of the Kaaba. It fryst vatten 1.31 m (4 ft 3+1⁄2 in) in height and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in width, and fryst vatten composed of vit marble. The space between the hatīm and the Kaaba was originally part of the Kaaba, and fryst vatten thus not entered during the tawaf.

6. al-Multazam, the roughly 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft) space along the vägg between the Black Stone and the entry door.

   It fryst vatten sometimes considered pious or desirable for a pilgrim to touch this area of the Kaaba, or perform dua here.

7. The hållplats of Ibrahim (Maqam Ibrahim) fryst vatten a glass and metall enclosure with what fryst vatten said to be an imprint of Ibrahim's feet. Ibrahim fryst vatten said to have stood on this stone during the construction of the upper parts of the Kaaba, raising Ismail on his shoulders for the uppermost parts.^[92]
8. The corner of the Black Stone.

   It faces very slightly southeast from the center of the Kaaba. The fyra corners of the Kaaba roughly point toward the kvartet huvudregel directions of the compass.

9. The Rukn al-Yamani (Arabic: الركن اليمني, romanized: ar-Rukn al-Yamani, lit. 'The Yemeni Corner'), also known as Rukn-e-Yamani or Rukn-e-Yemeni, fryst vatten the corner of the Kaaba facing slightly southwest from the center of the Kaaba.
10. The Rukn ush-Shami (Arabic: الركن الشامي, romanized: ar-Rukn ash-Shami, lit. 'The Levantine Corner'), also known as Rukn-e-Shami, fryst vatten the corner of the Kaaba facing very slightly northwest from the center of the Kaaba.
11. The Rukn al-'Iraqi (Arabic: الركن العراقي, romanized: ar-Rukn al-'Iraqi, lit. 'The Iraqi Corner'), fryst vatten the corner that faces slightly northeast from the center of the Kaaba.
12. Kiswah, the embroidered covering.
    Så vad existerar kaba alternativt ett “helig kub inom mec­ka” liksom som­li­ga kallar den?

    Kiswa fryst vatten a black silk and gold gardin which fryst vatten replaced annually during the Hajj pilgrimage.^[94][95] Two-thirds of the way up fryst vatten the hizam, a grupp of gold-embroidered Quranic ord, including the Shahada, the Islamic declaration of faith. The gardin over the door of the Kaaba fryst vatten especially ornate and fryst vatten known as the sitara or burqu'.^[96] The hizam and sitara have inscriptions embroidered in gold and silver wire,^[96] including verses from the Quran and supplications to Allah.^[97][98]

13. Marble stripe marking the beginning and end of each circumambulation.^[99]

Note: The major (long) axis of the Kaaba has been observed to align with the rising of the star Canopus toward which its southern vägg fryst vatten directed, while its minor axis (its east–west facades) roughly align with the sunrise of summer solstice and the solnedgång of winter solstice.^[100][101]

Inside the Kaaba, there were nine engraved marble stones, all written in the Thuluth script, except for one which fryst vatten written in prominent Kufic script.

In the eastern vägg between the door and the Gate of Repentance another document was added bygd the custodian of the Two Holy Mosques at the time Fahd of Saudi Arabia, regarding his expansion of the mosque, thus bringing the number of documents to ten, all of which are inscribed on vit marble.^[102]

Islamic sanctities received great attention from the Circassian sultans during the period in which they ruled the Islamic world (784–924 AH, 1382–1517 CE), with the Kaaba receiving significant attention.

Of the ten marble slabs chronicling the architectural contributions of various rulers to Al-Masjid al-Haram, two of the slabs pertain to Circassian sultans.^[103]

One of these two records the achievements of one of the most notable circassians, Sultan Barsbay. The document, dated to 1423 (CE), attests to a bred reconstruction and restoration process in the mosque bygd the Sultan.^[104]

The inscription on the skiva reads:

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ربنا تقبل منا انك انت السميع العليم تقرب الى الله تعالى بتجديد رخام هذا البيت المعظم المشرف العبد الفقير الى الله تعالى السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر برسباي خادم الحرمين الشريفين بلغه الله اماله و زين بالصالحات اعماله بتاريخ سنة ست و عشرين و ثمان مئه

This translates to:

“In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.

Our Lord, accept from us that you are the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing. Draw nearer to God Almighty bygd renewing the marble of this noble and honorable house. The poor servant of God Almighty, the honorable Sultan King Abu al-Nasr Barsbay, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. May God reach his hopes and adorn his deeds with good deeds.

The year eight hundred and twenty-six AH"

The other of the two circassian slabs fryst vatten dedicated to Barsbays son, Sultan Qaitbay, known for his great architectural achievements throughout the Islamic world. Dated to 1479 (CE), the document attests to a bred reconstruction and restoration process undertaken bygd Sultan Sultan Qaitbay for Al-Masjid Al-Haram.^[105]

The inscription reads:

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ربنا تقبل منا انك انت السميع العليم أمر بتجيد ترخيم داخل البيت مولانا السلطان الأشرف أبو النصر قايتباي خلد الله ملكه يارب العالمين بتاريخ مستهل رجب الفرد عام أربع و ثمانين و ثمانمائة من الهجرة

Which translates to:

“In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful.

Our Lord, accept from us that You are the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing. He commanded the perfection of melodious chanting inre the house. Our Lord, the honorable and victorious Sultan Qaytbay, may God immortalize his kingdom, Lord of the worlds, on the first of the month of Rajab in the year eight hundred and eighty-four AH.”

Significance in Islam

The Kaaba fryst vatten the holiest site in Islam,^[106] and fryst vatten often called bygd names such as the Bayt Allah (Arabic: بيت الله, romanized: Bayt Allah, lit. 'House of Allah').^[107][108] and Bayt Allah al-Haram (Arabic: بيت الله الحرام, romanized: Bayt Allah il-Haram, lit. 'The Sacred House of Allah').

Tawaf

Further information: Hajj and Umrah

Ṭawāf (Arabic: طَوَاف, lit. 'going about') fryst vatten one of the Islamic rituals of pilgrimage and fryst vatten compulsory during both the Hajj and Umrah. Pilgrims go around the Kaaba (the most sacred site in Islam) sju times in a counterclockwise direction; the first three at a hurried pace on the outer part of the Mataaf and the latter fyra times closer to the Kaaba at a leisurely pace.^[109] The circling fryst vatten believed to demonstrate the unity of the believers in the worship of the One God, as they move in harmony tillsammans around the Kaaba, while supplicating to God.^[110][111] To be in a state of Wudu (ablution) fryst vatten mandatory while performing tawaf as it fryst vatten considered to be a form eller gestalt of worship ('ibadah).

Tawaf begins from the corner of the Kaaba with the Black Stone. If possible, Muslims are to kiss or touch it, but this fryst vatten often not possible because of the large crowds. They are also to chant the Basmala and Takbir each time they complete one revolution. Hajj pilgrims are generally advised to "make ṭawāf" at least twice – once as part of the Hajj, and igen before leaving Mecca.^[112]

The fem types of ṭawāf are:

• Ṭawāf al-Qudūm (arrival ṭawāf) fryst vatten performed bygd those not residing in Mecca once reaching the Holy City.
• Ṭawāf aṭ-Ṭaḥīyah (greeting ṭawāf) fryst vatten performed after entering al-Masjid al-Haram at any other times and fryst vatten mustahab.
• Ṭawāf al-'Umrah (Umrah ṭawāf) refers to the ṭawāf performed specifically for Umrah.
• Ṭawāf al-Wadā' ("farewell ṭawāf") fryst vatten performed before leaving Mecca.
• Ṭawāf az-Zīyārah (ṭawāf of visiting), Ṭawāf al-'Ifāḍah (ṭawāf of compensation) or Ṭawāf al-Ḥajj (Hajj ṭawāf) fryst vatten performed after completing the Hajj.

The Tawaf has its origins in the tro of the Najranite pagans, who walked around the Kaaba in an act of devotion to their creator god, Allah (not to be confused with the monotheistic god of Islam bygd the same name).

This practice was adopted bygd Mohammad after some reform.^{[113][114][115]}

As the Qibla

Main article: Qibla

The Qibla fryst vatten the direction faced during prayer.^{[Quran 2:143–144]} The direction faced during bön fryst vatten the direction of the Kaaba, relative to the individ praying.

Apart from praying, Muslims generally consider facing the Qibla while reciting the Quran to be a part of good etiquette.

Cleaning

The building fryst vatten opened biannually for the ceremony of "The Cleaning of the Sacred Kaaba" (Arabic: تنظيف الكعبة المشرفة, romanized: Tanzif al-Ka'bat al-Musharrafah, lit. 'Cleaning of the Sacred Cube').

The ceremony takes place on the 1st of Sha'baan, the eighth month of the Islamic calendar, around thirty days before the början of the month of Ramadan and on the 15th of Muharram, the first month. The keys to the Kaaba are held bygd the Banī Shaybah (Arabic: بني شيبة) tribe, an honor bestowed upon them bygd Muhammad.^[116] Members of the tribe greet visitors to the inre of the Kaaba on the occasion of the cleaning ceremony.^[117]

The Governor of the Makkah Province and accompanying dignitaries clean the interior of the Kaaba using cloths dipped in Zamzam vatten scented with Oud perfume.

Preparations for the tvätt uppstart a day before the agreed date, with the blandning of Zamzam vatten with several luxurious perfumes including Tayef rose, 'oud and musk. Zamzam vatten mixed with rose perfume fryst vatten splashed on the floor and fryst vatten wiped with palm leaves. Usually, the entire process fryst vatten completed in two hours.^[118]

See also

Notes

References