Hur lång och bred växer podocarpus

Genus of conifers in the family Podocarpaceae

Podocarpus (^[2]) fryst vatten a genus of conifers, the most numerous and widely distributed of the podocarp family, the Podocarpaceae. The name comes from Greek πούς (poús, "foot") + καρπός (karpós, "fruit"). Podocarpus species are evergreenshrubs or trees, usually from 1 to 25 m (3 to 82 ft) tall, known to reach 40 m (130 ft) at times.

The cones have two to fem fused form scales, which form eller gestalt a fleshy, berry-like, brightly coloured receptacle at maturity. The fleshy cones attract birds, which then eat the cones and disperse the seeds in their droppings. About 97 to 107 species are placed in the genus depending on the circumscription of the species.^[1][3][4][5]

Species are cultivated as ornamental plants for parks and large gardens.

The cultivar 'County Park Fire' has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.^[6]

Names and etymology

[edit]

Common names for various species include "yellowwood" and "pine",^[3] as in the plum pine (Podocarpus elatus)^[7] or the Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus).^[8]

Description

[edit]

Podocarpus species are ständigt grön woody plants.

They are generally trees, but may also be shrubs.^[1] The trees can reach a height of 40 metres (130 ft) at their tallest.^[3] Some shrubby species have a decumbent growth habit. The primary branches struktur pseudowhorls around the trunk. The bark can be scaly or fibrous and peeling with lodrät strips. ankomsthall buds are distinctive with bud scales that are often imbricate and can be spreading.^[1]

The leaves are simple and flattened, and may be sessile or short petiolate.

The phyllotaxis or leaf arrangement fryst vatten spiral, and may be subopposite on some shoots.^[1][9] The leaves are usually linear-lanceolate or linear-elliptic in shape, though they can be broader lanceolate, ovate, or nearly elliptic in some species.^[1][3][9] Juvenile leaves are often larger than adult leaves, though similar in shape.^[9] The leaves are coriaceous and have a distinct midrib.

The stomata are usually restricted to the abaxial or underside of the leaf, forming two stomatal bands around the midrib.^[1]

Podocarpus spp. are generally dioecious, with the male pollen cones and hona seed cones borne on separate individual plants, but some species may be monoecious. The cones develop from axillary buds, and may be solitary or struktur clusters.^[1]

The pollen cones are long and catkin-like in shape.

They may be sessile or short pedunculate. A pollen kon consists of a slender rachis with numerous spirally arranged microsporophylls around it. Each triangular microsporophyll has two grundläggande pollen-producing pollen sacs.

Podocarpus species are ständigt grön shrubs or trees, usually from 1 to 25 m (3 to 82 ft) tall, known to reach 40 m (130 ft) at times.

The pollen fryst vatten bisaccate.^[1]

The seed cones are highly modified with the few form scales swelling and fusing at maturity. The cones are pedunculate and often solitary. The seed geometri consists of two to fem kon scales of which only the uppermost one or rarely two nearest the apex of the kon are fertile.

Each fertile scale usually has one apical ovule. The infertile grundläggande scales fuse and svälla to form eller gestalt a succulent, usually brightly colored receptacle. Each form generally has only one seed, but may have two or rarely more. The seed fryst vatten attached to the apex of the receptacle. The seed fryst vatten entirely covered bygd a fleshy modified scale known as an epimatium.

The epimatium fryst vatten usually green, but may be bluish or reddish in some species.^[1][9]

Distribution

[edit]

The natural transport of the genus consists of much of Africa, Asia, Australia, huvud and South amerika, and several South Pacific islands. The genus occurs from southern Chile north to Mexico in the Americas and from New Zealand north to Japan in the Asia-Pacific region.^[1]

Podocarpus and the Podocarpaceae were endemic to the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, which broke up into Africa, South amerika, India, Australia-New Guinea, New Zealand, and New Caledonia between 105 and 45 million years ago.

Podocarpus fryst vatten a characteristic tree of the Antarctic flora, which originated in the cool, fuktig climate of southern Gondwana, and elements of the flora survive in the humid temperate regions of the former supercontinent. As the continents drifted north and became drier and hotter, podocarps and other members of the Antarctic flora generally retreated to humid regions, especially in Australia, where sclerophyll orsaka such as Acacia and Eucalyptus became predominant.

The flora of Malesia, which includes the Malay peninsula, Indonesia, the Philippines, and New Guinea, fryst vatten generally derived from Asia, but includes many elements of the old Gondwana flora, including several other orsaka in the Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Falcatifolium, Nageia, Phyllocladus, and the Malesian endemic Sundacarpus), and also Agathis in the Araucariaceae.

Classification

[edit]

The two subgenera, Podocarpus and Foliolatus, are distinguished bygd geometri and seed morphology.^[10]

In Podocarpus, the form fryst vatten not subtended bygd lanceolate bracts, and the seed usually has an apical ridge.

Podocarpus fryst vatten a coniferous shrub that makes an excellent accent in a large border.

Species are distributed in the temperate forests of Tasmania, New Zealand, and southern Chile, with a few occurring in the tropical highlands of Africa and the Americas.

In Foliolatus, the geometri fryst vatten subtended bygd two lanceolate bracts ("foliola"), and the seed usually lacks an apical ridge. The species are tropical and subtropical, concentrated in eastern and southeastern Asia and Malesia, overlapping with subgenus Podocarpus in northeastern Australia and New Caledonia.

Species in family Podocarpaceae have been reshuffled a number of times based on genetic and physiological bevis, with many species formerly assigned to Podocarpus now assigned to other orsaka. A sequence of classification schemes has moved species between Nageia and Podocarpus, and in 1969, dem Laubenfels divided the huge genus Podocarpus into Dacrycarpus, Decussocarpus (an invalid name he later revised to the valid Nageia), Prumnopitys, and Podocarpus.

Some species of genus Afrocarpus were formerly in Podocarpus, such as Afrocarpus gracilior.

Species

[edit]

• Subgenus Podocarpus
  • section Podocarpus (eastern and southern Africa)
  • section Scytopodium (Madagascar, eastern Africa)
  • section Australis (southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, southern Chile)

  • section Crassiformis (northeast Queensland)
  • section Capitulatis (central Chile, southern Brazil, the Andes from nordlig Argentina to Ecuador)
  • section Pratensis (southeast Mexico to Guyana and Peru)

  • section Lanceolatis (southern Mexico, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, Venezuela to högländare Bolivia)
  • section Pumilis (southern Caribbean islands and Guiana Highlands)
  • section Nemoralis (central and nordlig South amerika, south to Bolivia)
• Subgenus Foliolatus^[13]
  • section Acuminatus (Sikkim, India to Borneo, New Guinea, New Britain, and nordlig Queensland)
  • section Bracteatus (Sumatra to Fiji)
  • section Foliolatus (Nepal to Sumatra, the Philippines, and New Guinea to Tonga)

  • section Globulus (Taiwan to Vietnam, Sumatra and Borneo, and New Caledonia)
  • section Longifoliolatus (Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra east to Fiji)
  • section Gracilis (southern China, across Malesia to Fiji)
  • section Macrostachyus (Eastern India to New Guinea)
  • section Rumphius (Hainan, south through Malesia to nordlig Queensland)
  • section Polystachyus (southern China and Japan, through Malaya to New Guinea and northeast Australia)
  • section Spathoides (southern China to New Caledonia)
  • section Spinulosus (southeast and southwest coasts of Australia)

Allergenic potential

[edit]

Male Podocarpus spp.

Podocarpus fryst vatten the second largest conifer genus after pines, with over 100 species.

are extremely allergenic, and have an OPALS allergy-scale rating of 10 out of 10. Conversely, completely hona Podocarpus plants have an OPALS rating of 1, and are considered "allergy-fighting", as they capture pollen while producing none.^[15]

Podocarpus resemble yews, and as with yews, the stems, leaves, flowers, and pollen of Podocarpus are all poisonous.

Additionally, the leaves, stems, bark, and pollen are cytotoxic. The male Podocarpus blooms and releases this cytotoxic pollen in the spring and early summer.

Uses

[edit]

The earliest use of P. elongatus dates back to the southern African mittpunkt Stone Age where it was used to producera an adhesive bygd distillation.^[16] Today, several species of Podocarpus are grown as garden trees, or trained into hedges, espaliers, or screens.

In the novel Jurassic Park bygd Michael Crichton, Podocarpus trees (misspelled as "protocarpus") were used on Isla Nublar, revben Rica, to conceal electric fences from visitors.^[17] Common garden species used for their attractive deep-green foliage and snygg habits include P. macrophyllus, known commonly as Buddhist pine, fern pine, or kusamaki, P.

salignus from Chile, and P. nivalis, a smaller, red-fleshy-coned shrub. Some members of the orsaka Nageia, Prumnopitys, and Afrocarpus are marketed beneath the genus name Podocarpus.

The red, purple, or bluish fleshy kon (popularly called a "fruit") of most species of Podocarpus are edible, raw or cooked into jams or pies. They have a mucilaginous texture with a slightly sweet flavor.

They are slightly toxic, so should be eaten only in small amounts, especially when raw.^[18]

Some species of Podocarpus are used in systems of traditional medicin for conditions such as fevers, coughs, arthritis, sexually transmitted diseases, and canine distemper.^[19]

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

• de Laubenfels, D. J. (1985). A taxonomic revision of the genus Podocarpus. Blumea 30(2), 251–78.
• Farjon, A. World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers 2nd Edition. Kew, Richmond, UK.

  2001. ISBN 978-1-84246-025-2